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| c. 8000 BC |
| | As temperatures warm, the sea level rises, submerging the Bering land bridge and isolating the Siberian immigrants as the aboriginal Americans | |
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| 5000 BC |
| | Human groups adapt to the conditions of northern Canada and then Greenland, living mainly as hunters of marine mammals | |
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| 1500 BC to 1500 AD |
| | On the grass plains of north America humans gradually hunt to extiinction several American species, including the camel, mammoth and horse | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | Leif Ericsson claims to have made landfall at three places in north America, one of which he names Vinland - the land of wine | |
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| c. 1010 |
| | Thorfinn Karlsefni leads an expedition to north America, traces of which may survive in a longhouse at L'Anse aux Meadows | |
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| 1497 |
| | Henry VII commissions the Italian navigator John Cabot to cross the Atlantic in search of new territories for England | |
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| 1497 |
| | John Cabot, searching for a trade route to China, probably reaches Newfoundland | |
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| 1534 |
| | French explorer Jacques Cartier charts the Gulf of St Lawrence and, in 1525, explores up the river as far as Montreal | |
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| 1535 |
| | Cartier, welcomed by the Huron Indians, gives their island in the St Lawrence river the name of Montreal | |
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| 1583 |
| | Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland on behalf of England's queen Elizabeth | |
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